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@article{Chaboureau_2005,
	author = {Jean-Pierre Chaboureau},
	date-added = {2022-10-13 16:14:54 -0600},
	date-modified = {2022-10-13 16:14:54 -0600},
	doi = {10.1029/2004jd005645},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	number = {D17},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union ({AGU})},
	title = {Statistical representation of clouds in a regional model and the impact on the diurnal cycle of convection during Tropical Convection, Cirrus and Nitrogen Oxides ({TROCCINOX})},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004jd005645},
	volume = {110},
	year = 2005,
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004jd005645},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd005645}}

@article{Chaboureau_2002,
	author = {Jean-Pierre Chaboureau and Peter Bechtold},
	date-added = {2022-10-13 16:11:43 -0600},
	date-modified = {2022-10-13 16:11:43 -0600},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<2362:ascpdf>2.0.co;2},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	month = {aug},
	number = {15},
	pages = {2362--2372},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {A Simple Cloud Parameterization Derived from Cloud Resolving Model Data: Diagnostic and Prognostic Applications},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%282002%29059%3C2362%3Aascpdf%3E2.0.co%3B2},
	volume = {59},
	year = 2002,
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%282002%29059%3C2362%3Aascpdf%3E2.0.co%3B2},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059%3C2362:ascpdf%3E2.0.co;2}}

@article{Bengtsson_2022,
	author = {Lisa Bengtsson and Luc Gerard and Jongil Han and Maria Gehne and Wei Li and Juliana Dias},
	date-added = {2022-10-13 10:15:44 -0600},
	date-modified = {2022-10-13 10:15:44 -0600},
	doi = {10.1175/mwr-d-22-0114.1},
	journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
	month = {sep},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {A prognostic-stochastic and scale-adaptive cumulus convection closure for improved tropical variability and convective gray-zone representation in {NOAA}'s Unified Forecast System ({UFS}).},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fmwr-d-22-0114.1},
	year = 2022,
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fmwr-d-22-0114.1},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-22-0114.1}}

@conference{beck_et_al_2022,
	author = {Beck, J. and J. Wolff and L. Carson and W. Li and M. Harrold and W. Mayfield and K. Y. Wong and J. Berner and P. Pegion and C. R. Alexander and J. R. Carley},
	booktitle = {12th Conference on Transition of Research to Operations},
	date-added = {2022-05-13 16:13:59 -0600},
	date-modified = {2022-05-13 16:18:02 -0600},
	number = {7B.6},
	organization = {102nd AMS Annual Meeting},
	title = {Implementation and testing of stochastic physics within FV3-LAM and RRFS prototype ensembles using the Common Community Physics Package (CCPP)},
	year = {2022}}

@article{he_et_al_2021,
	author = {He S. and T. G. Smirnova and S. G. Benjamin},
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	date-modified = {2022-05-12 15:18:44 -0600},
	journal = {Water Resources Research},
	number = {8},
	title = {Single-Column validation of a snow subgrid parameterization in the Rapid Update Cycle Land-Surface Model (RUC LSM)},
	volume = {57},
	year = {2021}}

@article{essery_et_al_2020,
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	date-modified = {2022-05-12 10:55:34 -0600},
	doi = {10.5194/tc-14-4687-2020},
	journal = {The Cryosphere},
	number = {12},
	pages = {4687--4698},
	title = {Snow cover duration trends observed at sites and predicted by multiple models},
	url = {https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/14/4687/2020/},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2020},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/14/4687/2020/},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4687-2020}}

@article{Menard_2021,
	author = {Cecile B. Menard and Richard Essery and Gerhard Krinner and Gabriele Arduini and Paul Bartlett and Aaron Boone and Claire Brutel-Vuilmet and Eleanor Burke and Matthias Cuntz and Yongjiu Dai and Bertrand Decharme and Emanuel Dutra and Xing Fang and Charles Fierz and Yeugeniy Gusev and Stefan Hagemann and Vanessa Haverd and Hyungjun Kim and Matthieu Lafaysse and Thomas Marke and Olga Nasonova and Tomoko Nitta and Masashi Niwano and John Pomeroy and Gerd Sch{\"a}dler and Vladimir A. Semenov and Tatiana Smirnova and Ulrich Strasser and Sean Swenson and Dmitry Turkov and Nander Wever and Hua Yuan},
	date-added = {2022-05-12 10:51:40 -0600},
	date-modified = {2022-05-12 10:51:40 -0600},
	journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
	month = {Jan},
	number = {1},
	pages = {E61--E79},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {Scientific and Human Errors in a Snow Model Intercomparison},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fbams-d-19-0329.1},
	volume = {102},
	year = 2021,
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@article{sakaguchi_and_zeng_2009,
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	date-modified = {2022-05-12 10:20:22 -0600},
	journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
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	volume = {114},
	year = {2009}}

@article{https://doi.org/10.25923/n9wm-be49,
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	date-added = {2022-05-06 09:15:53 -0600},
	date-modified = {2022-05-06 09:15:53 -0600},
	publisher = {Earth System Research Laboratory (U.S.), Global Systems Division},
	title = {A Description of the MYNN-EDMF Scheme and the Coupling to Other Components in WRF--ARW},
	url = {https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/19837},
	year = {2019},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/19837},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.25923/N9WM-BE49}}

@article{lee_and_feingold_2010,
	author = {Lee, S.-S. and G. Feingold},
	date-added = {2022-05-02 15:01:07 -0600},
	date-modified = {2022-05-02 15:04:13 -0600},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
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	title = {Precipitating cloud-system response to aerosol perturbations},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2010}}

@article{freitas_et_al_2021,
	author = {Freitas, Saulo R. and G.A. Grell and H. Li},
	date-added = {2022-05-02 14:43:11 -0600},
	date-modified = {2022-05-02 14:44:42 -0600},
	journal = {Geoscientific Model Development},
	pages = {5393-5411},
	title = {The Grell-Freitas (GF) convection parameterization: recent development, extensions, and applications},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2021}}

@article{Shin_2013,
	author = {Hyeyum Hailey Shin and Song-You Hong},
	date-added = {2022-04-29 09:18:19 -0600},
	date-modified = {2022-04-29 09:18:19 -0600},
	doi = {10.1175/jas-d-12-0290.1},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	month = {oct},
	number = {10},
	pages = {3248--3261},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {Analysis of Resolved and Parameterized Vertical Transports in Convective Boundary Layers at Gray-Zone Resolutions},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fjas-d-12-0290.1},
	volume = {70},
	year = 2013,
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fjas-d-12-0290.1},
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@article{Honnert_2011,
	author = {Rachel Honnert and Val{\'{e}}ry Masson and Fleur Couvreux},
	date-added = {2022-04-29 09:17:12 -0600},
	date-modified = {2022-04-29 09:17:12 -0600},
	doi = {10.1175/jas-d-11-061.1},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	month = {dec},
	number = {12},
	pages = {3112--3131},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {A Diagnostic for Evaluating the Representation of Turbulence in Atmospheric Models at the Kilometric Scale},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fjas-d-11-061.1},
	volume = {68},
	year = 2011,
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@article{Oreopoulos_2012,
	author = {L. Oreopoulos and D. Lee and Y. C. Sud and M. J. Suarez},
	date-added = {2022-04-28 11:27:32 -0600},
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	doi = {10.5194/acp-12-9097-2012},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {oct},
	number = {19},
	pages = {9097--9111},
	publisher = {Copernicus {GmbH}},
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	url = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-12-9097-2012},
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	year = 2012,
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-12-9097-2012},
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@article{shonk_et_al_2010,
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	date-modified = {2022-04-28 11:25:07 -0600},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
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	volume = {136},
	year = {2010}}

@article{Henry_Juang_2010,
	author = {Hann-Ming Henry Juang and Song-You Hong},
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@article{https://doi.org/10.25923/5051-3r70,
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	date-added = {2022-04-14 18:24:47 -0600},
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	publisher = {National Centers for Environmental Prediction (U.S.)},
	title = {Implementation of a positive definite mass-flux scheme and a method for removing the negative tracers in the NCEP GFS planetary boundary layer and cumulus convection schemes},
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@article{https://doi.org/10.25923/cybh-w893,
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	publisher = {National Centers for Environmental Prediction (U.S.)},
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	year = {2012}}

@article{niu_and_yang_2006,
	abstract = { Abstract The presence of ice in soil dramatically alters soil hydrologic and thermal properties. Despite this important role, many recent studies show that explicitly including the hydrologic effects of soil ice in land surface models degrades the simulation of runoff in cold regions. This paper addresses this dilemma by employing the Community Land Model version 2.0 (CLM2.0) developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and a simple TOPMODEL-based runoff scheme (SIMTOP). CLM2.0/SIMTOP explicitly computes soil ice content and its modifications to soil hydrologic and thermal properties. However, the frozen soil scheme has a tendency to produce a completely frozen soil (100\% ice content) whenever the soil temperature is below 0$\,^{\circ}$C. The frozen ground prevents infiltration of snowmelt or rainfall, thereby resulting in earlier- and higher-than-observed springtime runoff. This paper presents modifications to the above-mentioned frozen soil scheme that produce more accurate magnitude and seasonality of runoff and soil water storage. These modifications include 1) allowing liquid water to coexist with ice in the soil over a wide range of temperatures below 0$\,^{\circ}$C by using the freezing-point depression equation, 2) computing the vertical water fluxes by introducing the concept of a fractional permeable area, which partitions the model grid into an impermeable part (no vertical water flow) and a permeable part, and 3) using the total soil moisture (liquid water and ice) to calculate the soil matric potential and hydraulic conductivity. The performance of CLM2.0/SIMTOP with these changes has been tested using observed data in cold-region river basins of various spatial scales. Compared to the CLM2.0/SIMTOP frozen soil scheme, the modified scheme produces monthly runoff that compares more favorably with that estimated by the University of New Hampshire--Global Runoff Data Center and a terrestrial water storage change that is in closer agreement with that measured by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites. },
	author = {Niu, G.-Y. and Yang, Z.-L.},
	date-added = {2019-10-25 22:35:50 +0000},
	date-modified = {2019-10-25 22:36:03 +0000},
	doi = {10.1175/JHM538.1},
	eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM538.1},
	journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
	number = {5},
	pages = {937-952},
	title = {Effects of Frozen Soil on Snowmelt Runoff and Soil Water Storage at a Continental Scale},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM538.1},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2006},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM538.1}}

@article{niu_et_al_2007,
	abstract = {Groundwater interacts with soil moisture through the exchanges of water between the unsaturated soil and its underlying aquifer under gravity and capillary forces. Despite its importance, groundwater is not explicitly represented in climate models. This paper developed a simple groundwater model (SIMGM) by representing recharge and discharge processes of the water storage in an unconfined aquifer, which is added as a single integration element below the soil of a land surface model. We evaluated the model against the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) terrestrial water storage change (ΔS) data. The modeled total water storage (including unsaturated soil water and groundwater) change agrees fairly well with GRACE estimates. The anomaly of the modeled groundwater storage explains most of the GRACE ΔS anomaly in most river basins where the water storage is not affected by snow water or frozen soil. For this reason, the anomaly of the modeled water table depth agrees well with that converted from the GRACE ΔS in most of the river basins. We also investigated the impacts of groundwater dynamics on soil moisture and evapotranspiration through the comparison of SIMGM to an additional model run using gravitational free drainage (FD) as the model's lower boundary condition. SIMGM produced much wetter soil profiles globally and up to 16\% more annual evapotranspiration than FD, most obviously in arid-to-wet transition regions.},
	author = {Niu, G.-Y. and Yang, Z.-L. and Dickinson, R. E. and Gulden, L. E. and Su, H.},
	date-added = {2019-10-25 22:31:30 +0000},
	date-modified = {2019-10-25 22:31:41 +0000},
	doi = {10.1029/2006JD007522},
	eprint = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2006JD007522},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	keywords = {Groundwater recharge, groundwater discharge, climate models},
	number = {D7},
	title = {Development of a simple groundwater model for use in climate models and evaluation with Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment data},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2006JD007522},
	volume = {112},
	year = {2007},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2006JD007522},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007522}}

@article{niu_et_al_2011,
	abstract = {This first paper of the two-part series describes the objectives of the community efforts in improving the Noah land surface model (LSM), documents, through mathematical formulations, the augmented conceptual realism in biophysical and hydrological processes, and introduces a framework for multiple options to parameterize selected processes (Noah-MP). The Noah-MP's performance is evaluated at various local sites using high temporal frequency data sets, and results show the advantages of using multiple optional schemes to interpret the differences in modeling simulations. The second paper focuses on ensemble evaluations with long-term regional (basin) and global scale data sets. The enhanced conceptual realism includes (1) the vegetation canopy energy balance, (2) the layered snowpack, (3) frozen soil and infiltration, (4) soil moisture-groundwater interaction and related runoff production, and (5) vegetation phenology. Sample local-scale validations are conducted over the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE) site, the W3 catchment of Sleepers River, Vermont, and a French snow observation site. Noah-MP shows apparent improvements in reproducing surface fluxes, skin temperature over dry periods, snow water equivalent (SWE), snow depth, and runoff over Noah LSM version 3.0. Noah-MP improves the SWE simulations due to more accurate simulations of the diurnal variations of the snow skin temperature, which is critical for computing available energy for melting. Noah-MP also improves the simulation of runoff peaks and timing by introducing a more permeable frozen soil and more accurate simulation of snowmelt. We also demonstrate that Noah-MP is an effective research tool by which modeling results for a given process can be interpreted through multiple optional parameterization schemes in the same model framework.},
	author = {Niu, G.-Y. and Yang, Z.-L. and Mitchell, K. E. and et al.},
	date-added = {2019-10-25 21:50:31 +0000},
	date-modified = {2019-10-25 21:50:40 +0000},
	doi = {10.1029/2010JD015139},
	eprint = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2010JD015139},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
	keywords = {Noah, land surface model, local scale, multiphysics, evaluation, validation},
	number = {D12},
	title = {The community Noah land surface model with multiparameterization options ({Noah-MP}): 1. Model description and evaluation with local-scale measurements},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2010JD015139},
	volume = {116},
	year = {2011},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2010JD015139},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015139}}

@article{bechtold_et_al_2014,
	author = {P. Bechtold and N. Semane and P. Lopez and J.-P. Chaboureau and A. Beljaars and N. Bormann},
	date-added = {2019-06-13 14:29:21 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-06-13 14:38:38 -0600},
	journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.},
	pages = {734-753},
	title = {Representing equilibrium and nonequilibrium convection in large-scale models},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2014}}

@article{freitas_et_al_2018,
	author = {S. R. Freitas and G. A. Grell and A. Molod and et al.},
	date-added = {2019-06-13 13:51:50 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-06-13 14:07:37 -0600},
	journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
	pages = {1266-1289},
	title = {Assessing the {G}rell-{F}reitas convection parameterization in the {NASA GEOS} modeling system},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2018}}

@article{qu_and_hall_2005,
	author = {X. Qu and A. Hall},
	date-added = {2019-06-10 16:41:01 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-06-10 16:42:55 -0600},
	journal = {J. Climate},
	pages = {5239-5252},
	title = {Surface contribution to planetary albedo variability in cryosphere regions},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2005}}

@article{grant_et_al_2000,
	author = {I.F. Grant and A. J. Prata and R. P.Cechet},
	date-added = {2019-06-10 16:30:06 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-06-10 16:33:28 -0600},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology},
	pages = {231-244},
	title = {The impact of the diurnal variation of albedo on the remote sensing of the daily mean albedo of grassland},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2000}}

@article{moorthi_and_suarez_1992,
	author = {S. Moorthi and M.J. Suarez},
	date-added = {2019-06-06 17:51:50 +0000},
	date-modified = {2019-06-06 17:56:00 +0000},
	journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
	pages = {978-1002},
	title = {Relaxed {A}rakawa-{S}chubert. A parameterization of moist convection for general circulation models},
	volume = {120},
	year = {1992}}

@article{Gettelman_et_al_2019,
	author = {A. Gettelman and H. Morrison and K. Thayer-Calder and C. M. Zarzycki},
	date-added = {2019-06-05 16:32:22 +0000},
	date-modified = {2019-06-05 16:34:07 +0000},
	journal = {Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems},
	title = {The impact of rimed ice hydrometeors on global and regional climate},
	year = {2019}}

@article{nakanishi_2000,
	author = {M. Nakanishi},
	date-added = {2019-05-31 14:46:02 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-05-31 14:47:32 -0600},
	journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
	pages = {461-493},
	title = {Large-eddy simulation of radiation fog},
	volume = {94},
	year = {2000}}

@article{Gehne_2019,
	author = {Gehne, M. and Hamill, T. M. and Bates, G. T. and Pegion, P. and Kolczynski, W.},
	date-added = {2019-05-24 12:46:43 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-05-24 12:46:43 -0600},
	doi = {10.1175/mwr-d-18-0057.1},
	issn = {1520-0493},
	journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
	month = {Apr},
	number = {4},
	pages = {1319--1340},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {Land Surface Parameter and State Perturbations in the Global Ensemble Forecast System},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-18-0057.1},
	volume = {147},
	year = {2019},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-18-0057.1},
	bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-18-0057.1}}

@article{Gettelman_2010,
	author = {Gettelman, A. and Liu, X. and Ghan, S. J. and Morrison, H. and Park, S. and Conley, A. J. and Klein, S. A. and Boyle, J. and Mitchell, D. L. and Li, J.-L. F.},
	date-added = {2019-05-23 14:07:03 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-05-23 14:07:03 -0600},
	doi = {10.1029/2009jd013797},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	month = {Sep},
	number = {D18},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
	title = {Global simulations of ice nucleation and ice supersaturation with an improved cloud scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013797},
	volume = {115},
	year = {2010},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013797},
	bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009jd013797}}

@article{HOBBS_1974,
	author = {Hobbs, P. V.},
	date-added = {2019-05-23 11:07:04 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-05-23 11:07:04 -0600},
	doi = {10.1038/251694b0},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	journal = {Nature},
	month = {Oct},
	number = {5477},
	pages = {694--696},
	publisher = {Springer Nature},
	title = {High concentrations of ice particles in a layer cloud},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/251694b0},
	volume = {251},
	year = {1974},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/251694b0}}

@article{Pichugina_2008,
	author = {Pichugina, Y. L. and Tucker, S. C. and Banta, R. M. and et al.},
	date-added = {2019-05-22 11:25:17 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-06-05 15:59:49 +0000},
	journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology},
	number = {8},
	pages = {1307--1327},
	title = {Horizontal-Velocity and Variance Measurements in the Stable Boundary Layer Using Doppler Lidar: Sensitivity to Averaging Procedures},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2008},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008JTECHA988.1},
	bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecha988.1}}

@article{Nielsen_Gammon_2008,
	author = {Nielsen-Gammon, J. W. and Powell, C. L. and Mahoney, M. J. and et al.},
	date-added = {2019-05-22 11:19:45 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-06-05 15:31:19 +0000},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology},
	number = {1},
	pages = {27--43},
	title = {Multisensor Estimation of Mixing Heights over a Coastal City},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2008},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007JAMC1503.1},
	bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1503.1}}

@article{Benjamin_2016b,
	author = {Benjamin, S. G. and Brown, J. M. and Smirnova, T. G.},
	date-added = {2019-05-20 16:32:47 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-05-20 16:33:32 -0600},
	doi = {10.1175/waf-d-15-0136.1},
	issn = {1520-0434},
	journal = {Weather and Forecasting},
	month = {Apr},
	number = {2},
	pages = {609--619},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {Explicit Precipitation-Type Diagnosis from a Model Using a Mixed-Phase Bulk Cloud--Precipitation Microphysics Parameterization},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-15-0136.1},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2016},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-15-0136.1},
	bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-15-0136.1}}

@article{Grell_2002,
	author = {Grell, G. A. and D{\'e}v{\'e}nyi, D.},
	date-added = {2019-05-20 11:19:25 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-05-20 11:19:25 -0600},
	doi = {10.1029/2002gl015311},
	issn = {0094-8276},
	journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
	month = {Jul},
	number = {14},
	pages = {38--1--38--4},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
	title = {A generalized approach to parameterizing convection combining ensemble and data assimilation techniques},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015311},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2002},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015311},
	bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002gl015311}}

@article{Arakawa_2011,
	author = {Arakawa, A. and Jung, J.-H. and Wu, C.-M.},
	date-added = {2019-05-20 11:09:31 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-05-20 11:09:31 -0600},
	doi = {10.5194/acp-11-3731-2011},
	issn = {1680-7324},
	journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
	month = {Apr},
	number = {8},
	pages = {3731--3742},
	publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},
	title = {Toward unification of the multiscale modeling of the atmosphere},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3731-2011},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2011},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3731-2011}}

@article{Jiang_2010,
	author = {Jiang, H-L. and Feingold, G. and Sorooshian, A.},
	date-added = {2019-05-20 11:01:38 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-05-20 11:01:38 -0600},
	doi = {10.1175/2010jas3484.1},
	issn = {1520-0469},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	month = {Nov},
	number = {11},
	pages = {3525--3540},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {Effect of Aerosol on the Susceptibility and Efficiency of Precipitation in Warm Trade Cumulus Clouds},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3484.1},
	volume = {67},
	year = {2010},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3484.1},
	bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3484.1}}

@conference{berry_1968,
	address = {Albany, N.Y},
	author = {E. X. Berry},
	booktitle = {1st National Conference on Weather Modification},
	date-added = {2019-05-20 10:50:44 -0600},
	date-modified = {2022-05-02 14:53:19 -0600},
	editor = {Am. Meteorol. Soc.},
	pages = {81-85},
	title = {Modification of the warm rain process},
	year = {1968}}

@article{Wilks_2005,
	author = {Wilks, D. S.},
	date-added = {2019-05-08 14:10:09 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-05-08 14:10:09 -0600},
	doi = {10.1256/qj.04.03},
	issn = {1477-870X},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
	month = {Jan},
	number = {606},
	pages = {389--407},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	title = {Effects of stochastic parametrizations in the Lorenz '96 system},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.03},
	volume = {131},
	year = {2005},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.03}}

@article{Han_2019,
	author = {J. Han and C. S. Bretherton},
	date-added = {2019-05-06 20:43:06 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-05-06 20:44:39 -0600},
	journal = {Weather and Forecasting},
	title = {{TKE}-based Moist Eddy-Diffusivity Mass-Flux ({EDMF}) Parameterization for Vertical Turbulent Mixing},
	volume = {accepted},
	year = {2019}}

@article{Thompson_2014,
	author = {Thompson, G. and Eidhammer, T.},
	date-added = {2019-05-06 19:55:25 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-05-06 19:55:25 -0600},
	doi = {10.1175/jas-d-13-0305.1},
	issn = {1520-0469},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	month = {Oct},
	number = {10},
	pages = {3636--3658},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {A Study of Aerosol Impacts on Clouds and Precipitation Development in a Large Winter Cyclone},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0305.1},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2014},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0305.1},
	bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-13-0305.1}}

@article{Thompson_2008,
	author = {Thompson, G. and Field, P. R. and Rasmussen, R. M. and Hall, W. D.},
	date-added = {2019-05-06 19:49:48 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-05-06 19:49:48 -0600},
	doi = {10.1175/2008mwr2387.1},
	issn = {1520-0493},
	journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
	month = {Dec},
	number = {12},
	pages = {5095--5115},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. {P}art {II}: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2387.1},
	volume = {136},
	year = {2008},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2387.1},
	bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2387.1}}

@article{Krinner_2018,
	author = {Krinner, G. and Derksen, C. and Essery, R. and et al.},
	date-added = {2019-05-06 14:22:35 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-05-06 14:22:35 -0600},
	doi = {10.5194/gmd-11-5027-2018},
	issn = {1991-9603},
	journal = {Geoscientific Model Development},
	month = {Dec},
	number = {12},
	pages = {5027--5049},
	publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},
	title = {{ESM-SnowMIP}: assessing snow models and quantifying snow-related climate feedbacks},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-5027-2018},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2018},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-5027-2018}}

@article{Rutter_2009,
	author = {Rutter, N. and Essery, R. and Pomeroy, J. and et al.},
	date-added = {2019-05-06 14:22:28 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-05-06 14:22:28 -0600},
	doi = {10.1029/2008jd011063},
	issn = {0148-0227},
	journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
	month = {Mar},
	number = {D6},
	publisher = {American Geophysical Union (AGU)},
	title = {Evaluation of forest snow processes models ({SnowMIP2})},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011063},
	volume = {114},
	year = {2009},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011063},
	bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008jd011063}}

@article{Essery_2009,
	author = {Essery, R. and Rutter, N. and Pomeroy, J. and et al.},
	date-added = {2019-05-06 14:20:27 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-06-05 16:01:14 +0000},
	journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
	number = {8},
	pages = {1120-1136},
	title = {{SNOWMIP2}: An Evaluation of Forest Snow Process Simulations},
	volume = {90},
	year = {2009},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009BAMS2629.1},
	bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009bams2629.1}}

@proceedings{Etchevers_2002,
	address = {Victoria, B.C.},
	date-added = {2019-05-06 14:16:14 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-05-06 14:19:37 -0600},
	editor = {International Snow Science Workshop},
	month = {29 September-4 October},
	organization = {B.C. Ministry of Transportation. Snow Avalance Programs},
	publisher = {In Stevens, J.R.},
	title = {Snow MIP, and intercomparson of snow-cover models: first results},
	year = {2002}}

@article{Etchevers_2004,
	author = {Etchevers, P. and Martin, E. and Brown, R. and et al.},
	date-added = {2019-05-06 14:16:12 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-05-06 14:16:12 -0600},
	doi = {10.3189/172756404781814825},
	issn = {1727-5644},
	journal = {Annals of Glaciology},
	pages = {150--158},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
	title = {Validation of the energy budget of an alpine snowpack simulated by several snow models (Snow {MIP} project)},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756404781814825},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2004},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756404781814825}}

@article{Luo_2003,
	author = {Luo, L-F. and Robock, A. and Vinnikov, K. Y. and et al.},
	date-added = {2019-05-06 14:12:54 -0600},
	date-modified = {2019-05-06 14:12:54 -0600},
	doi = {10.1175/1525-7541(2003)4<334:eofsos>2.0.co;2},
	issn = {1525-7541},
	journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
	month = {Apr},
	number = {2},
	pages = {334--351},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
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	date-modified = {2018-01-24 18:47:21 +0000},
	journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
	pages = {5233-5250},
	title = {A scale and aerosol aware stochastic convective parameterization for weather and air quality modeling},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2014}}

@article{Koren_et_al_1999,
	author = {V. Koren and J. Schaake and K. Mitchell and Q.-Y. Duan and F. Chen and J. Baker},
	date-added = {2018-01-24 18:41:34 +0000},
	date-modified = {2018-01-24 18:43:55 +0000},
	journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
	number = {D16},
	pages = {19569-19585},
	title = {A parameterization of snowpack and frozen ground intended for {NCEP} weather and climate models},
	volume = {104},
	year = {1999}}

@article{ek_et_al_2003,
	author = {M. B. Ek and K. E. Mitchell and Y. Lin and E. Rogers and P. Grunmann and V. Koren and G. Gayno and J. D. Tarpley},
	date-added = {2018-01-24 18:35:48 +0000},
	date-modified = {2018-01-24 18:39:48 +0000},
	journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
	number = {D22},
	pages = {8851},
	title = {Implementation of {N}oah land-surface model advances in the {NCEP} operational mesoscale {E}ta model},
	volume = {108},
	year = {2003}}

@article{chen_et_al_1996,
	author = {F. Chen and K. Mitchell and J. Schaake and Y. Xue and H.-L. Pan and V. Koren and Q.-Y. Duan and M. Ek and A. Betts},
	date-added = {2018-01-24 18:31:48 +0000},
	date-modified = {2018-01-24 18:35:18 +0000},
	journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
	number = {D3},
	pages = {7251-7268},
	title = {Modeling of land-surface evaporation by four schemes and comparison with observations},
	volume = {101},
	year = {1996}}

@article{raisanen_and_barker_2004,
	author = {P. Raisanen and H.W. Barker},
	date-added = {2016-10-11 20:51:22 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-10-11 20:53:35 +0000},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
	pages = {2069-2085},
	title = {Evaluation and optimization of sampling errors for the {M}onte {C}arlo {I}ndependent {C}olumn {A}pproximation},
	volume = {130},
	year = {2004}}

@article{pincus_et_al_2003,
	annote = {DOI: 10.1029/2002JD003322},
	author = {R. Pincus and H.W. Barker and J.-J. Morcrette},
	date-added = {2016-10-11 20:43:58 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-10-11 20:49:03 +0000},
	journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
	rss-description = {DOI: 10.1029/2002JD003322},
	title = {A fast, flexible, approximate technique for computing radiative transfer in inhomogeneous cloud fields},
	volume = {108},
	year = {2003}}

@article{barker_et_al_2015,
	author = {H.W. Barker and J.N.S. Cole and J. Li and B. Yi and P. Yang},
	date-added = {2016-10-11 20:41:36 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-10-11 20:43:49 +0000},
	journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.},
	pages = {4053-4074},
	title = {Estimation of errors in two-stream approximations of the solar radiative transfer equation for cloudy-sky conditions},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2015}}

@article{raisanen_2002,
	author = {P. Raisanen},
	date-added = {2016-10-11 20:39:27 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-10-11 20:41:23 +0000},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
	pages = {2397-2416},
	title = {Two-stream approximations revisited: A new improvement and tests with {GCM} data},
	volume = {128},
	year = {2002}}

@article{king_and_harshvardhan_1986,
	author = {M.D. King and Harshvardhan},
	date-added = {2016-10-11 20:33:56 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-10-11 20:37:59 +0000},
	journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.},
	pages = {784-801},
	title = {Comparative accuracy of selected multiple scattering approximations},
	volume = {43},
	year = {1986}}

@url{Li_2015,
	author = {X. Li},
	title = {The development of the NSST within the NCEP GFS/CFS},
	url = {http://cpo.noaa.gov/sites/cpo/MAPP/workshops/rtf_technical_ws/presentations/21_Xu_Li.pdf},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://cpo.noaa.gov/sites/cpo/MAPP/workshops/rtf_technical_ws/presentations/21_Xu_Li.pdf}}

@webpage{li_and_derber_2009,
	author = {X. Li and J. Derber},
	date-modified = {2020-02-24 17:06:35 +0000},
	title = {Near Sea Surface Temperatures (NSST) Analysis in NCEP GFS},
	url = {http://data.jcsda.org/Workshops/6th-workshop-onDA/Session-4/JCSDA_2008_Li.pdf},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://www.jcsda.noaa.gov/documents/meetings/wkshp2008/4/JCSDA_2008_Li.pdf}}

@article{Fairall_et_al_1996,
	author = {C. W. Fairall and E. F. Bradley and J. S. Godfrey and G. A. Wick and J. B. Edson and G. S. Young},
	date-modified = {2018-02-21 22:01:48 +0000},
	journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
	pages = {1295-1308},
	title = {Cool-skin and warm-layer effects on sea surface temperature},
	volume = {101(C1)},
	year = {1996}}

@url{key_2002,
	address = {Madison, Wisconsin},
	author = {J.R. Key},
	date-added = {2016-10-05 15:09:28 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-10-05 15:12:26 +0000},
	organization = {Cooptical. NOAA/NESDIS},
	title = {Streamer User's Guide},
	urldate = {https://stratus.ssec.wisc.edu/streamer/userman.pdf)}}

@article{fu_et_al_1998,
	author = {Q. Fu and P. Yang and W. B. Sun},
	date-added = {2016-06-21 19:58:59 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-06-21 20:00:51 +0000},
	journal = {J. Climate},
	pages = {2223-2237},
	title = {An accurate parameterization of the infrared radiative properties of cirrus clouds for climate models},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1998}}

@techreport{key_2001,
	author = {J. Key},
	date-added = {2016-06-21 17:33:34 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-06-21 17:41:46 +0000},
	institution = {Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, University of Wisconsin},
	number = {96pp},
	title = {Streamer User's Guide},
	year = {2001}}

@article{liou_1973,
	author = {K. N. Liou},
	date-added = {2016-06-21 17:20:02 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-06-21 17:22:03 +0000},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	pages = {1303-1326},
	title = {A numerical experiment on {C}handrasekhar's discrete-ordinate method for radiative transfer: Applications to cloudy and hazy atmospheres},
	volume = {30},
	year = {1973}}

@article{zdunkowski_et_al_1980,
	author = {W. G. Zdunkowski and R. M. Welch and G. Korb},
	date-added = {2016-06-21 16:52:12 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-06-21 16:55:04 +0000},
	journal = {Beitr. Phys. Atmos.},
	pages = {147-166},
	title = {An investigation of the structure of typical two-stream methods for the calculation of solar fluxes and heating rates in clouds},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1980}}

@article{joseph_et_al_1976,
	author = {J. H. Joseph and W. J. Wiscombe and J. A. Weinman},
	date-added = {2016-06-21 16:48:05 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-06-21 16:50:31 +0000},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	pages = {2452-2459},
	title = {The {D}elta-{E}ddington approximation for radiative flux transfer},
	volume = {33},
	year = {1976}}

@article{iacono_et_al_2008,
	annote = {doi:10.1029/2008JD009944},
	author = {M. J. Iacono and J. S. Delamere and E. J. Mlawer and M. W. Shephard and S. A. Clough and W. D. Collins},
	date-added = {2016-06-19 23:25:28 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-06-19 23:32:46 +0000},
	journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
	title = {Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases: Calculations with the {AER} radiative transfer models},
	volume = {113},
	year = {2008}}

@article{grant_2001,
	abstract = {A closure for the fluxes of mass, heat, and moisture at cloud base in the cumulus-capped boundary layer is developed. The cloud-base mass flux is obtained from a simplifed turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) budget for the sub-cloud layer, in which cumulus convection is assumed to be associated with a transport of TKE from the sub-cloud layer to the cloud layer.The heat and moisture fluxes are obtained from a jump model based on the virtual-potential-temperature equation. A key part of this parametrization is the parametrization of the virtual-temperature flux at the top of the transition zone between the sub-cloud and cloud layers.It is argued that pressure fluctuations must be responsible for the transport of TKE from the cloud layer to the sub-cloud layer.},
	author = {A. L. M. Grant},
	date-added = {2016-06-15 22:11:22 +0000},
	date-modified = {2018-07-06 19:02:34 +0000},
	doi = {10.1002/qj.49712757209},
	issn = {1477-870X},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
	keywords = {Cloud-base closure, Convection, Fluxes, Jump model, Shallow cumulus, Turbulence kinetic energy},
	number = {572},
	pages = {407--421},
	publisher = {John Wiley & Sons, Ltd},
	title = {Cloud-base fluxes in the cumulus-capped boundary layer},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712757209},
	volume = {127},
	year = {2001},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712757209}}

@article{zhang_and_wu_2003,
	abstract = {Abstract This study uses a 2D cloud-resolving model to investigate the vertical transport of horizontal momentum and to understand the role of a convection-generated perturbation pressure field in the momentum transport by convective systems during part of the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean?Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) Intensive Observation Period. It shows that convective updrafts transport a significant amount of momentum vertically. This transport is downgradient in the easterly wind regime, but upgradient during a westerly wind burst. The differences in convective momentum transport between easterly and westerly wind regimes are examined. The perturbation pressure gradient accounts for an important part of the apparent momentum source. In general it is opposite in sign to the product of cloud mass flux and the vertical wind shear, with smaller magnitude. Examination of the dynamic forcing to the pressure field demonstrates that the linear forcing representing the interaction between the convective updrafts and the large-scale wind shear is the dominant term, while the nonlinear forcing is of secondary importance. Thus, parameterization schemes taking into account the linear interaction between the convective updrafts and the large-scale wind shear can capture the essential features of the perturbation pressure field. The parameterization scheme for momentum transport by Zhang and Cho is evaluated using the model simulation data. The parameterized pressure gradient force using the scheme is in excellent agreement with the simulated one. The parameterized apparent momentum source is also in good agreement with the model simulation. Other parameterization methods for the pressure gradient are also discussed.},
	annote = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<1120:CMTAPP>2.0.CO;2},
	author = {Zhang, G. J. and Wu, X. Q.},
	booktitle = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	da = {2003/05/01},
	date-added = {2016-06-14 23:39:50 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-06-16 15:30:17 +0000},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<1120:CMTAPP>2.0.CO;2},
	isbn = {0022-4928},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	journal1 = {J. Atmos. Sci.},
	m3 = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<1120:CMTAPP>2.0.CO;2},
	n2 = {Abstract This study uses a 2D cloud-resolving model to investigate the vertical transport of horizontal momentum and to understand the role of a convection-generated perturbation pressure field in the momentum transport by convective systems during part of the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean?Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) Intensive Observation Period. It shows that convective updrafts transport a significant amount of momentum vertically. This transport is downgradient in the easterly wind regime, but upgradient during a westerly wind burst. The differences in convective momentum transport between easterly and westerly wind regimes are examined. The perturbation pressure gradient accounts for an important part of the apparent momentum source. In general it is opposite in sign to the product of cloud mass flux and the vertical wind shear, with smaller magnitude. Examination of the dynamic forcing to the pressure field demonstrates that the linear forcing representing the interaction between the convective updrafts and the large-scale wind shear is the dominant term, while the nonlinear forcing is of secondary importance. Thus, parameterization schemes taking into account the linear interaction between the convective updrafts and the large-scale wind shear can capture the essential features of the perturbation pressure field. The parameterization scheme for momentum transport by Zhang and Cho is evaluated using the model simulation data. The parameterized pressure gradient force using the scheme is in excellent agreement with the simulated one. The parameterized apparent momentum source is also in good agreement with the model simulation. Other parameterization methods for the pressure gradient are also discussed.},
	number = {9},
	pages = {1120--1139},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {Convective Momentum Transport and Perturbation Pressure Field from a Cloud-Resolving Model Simulation},
	ty = {JOUR},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<1120:CMTAPP>2.0.CO;2},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2003},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060%3C1120:CMTAPP%3E2.0.CO;2}}

@article{fritsch_and_chappell_1980,
	abstract = {Abstract A parameterization formulation for incorporating the effects of midlatitude deep convection into mesoscale-numerical models is presented. The formulation is based on the hypothesis that the buoyant energy available to a parcel, in combination with a prescribed period of time for the convection to remove that energy, can be used to regulate the amount of convection in a mesoscale numerical model grid element. Individual clouds are represented as entraining moist updraft and downdraft plumes. The fraction of updraft condensate evaporated in moist downdrafts is determined from an empirical relationship between the vertical shear of the horizontal wind and precipitation efficiency. Vertical transports of horizontal momentum and warming by compensating subsidence are included in the parameterization. Since updraft and downdraft areas are sometimes a substantial fraction of mesoscale model grid-element areas, grid-point temperatures (adjusted for convection) are an area-weighted mean of updraft, downdraft and environmental temperatures.},
	annote = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<1722:NPOCDM>2.0.CO;2},
	author = {Fritsch, J. M. and Chappell, C. F.},
	booktitle = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	da = {1980/08/01},
	date = {1980/08/01},
	date-added = {2016-06-14 23:18:40 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-06-16 15:29:09 +0000},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<1722:NPOCDM>2.0.CO;2},
	isbn = {0022-4928},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	journal1 = {J. Atmos. Sci.},
	m3 = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<1722:NPOCDM>2.0.CO;2},
	n2 = {Abstract A parameterization formulation for incorporating the effects of midlatitude deep convection into mesoscale-numerical models is presented. The formulation is based on the hypothesis that the buoyant energy available to a parcel, in combination with a prescribed period of time for the convection to remove that energy, can be used to regulate the amount of convection in a mesoscale numerical model grid element. Individual clouds are represented as entraining moist updraft and downdraft plumes. The fraction of updraft condensate evaporated in moist downdrafts is determined from an empirical relationship between the vertical shear of the horizontal wind and precipitation efficiency. Vertical transports of horizontal momentum and warming by compensating subsidence are included in the parameterization. Since updraft and downdraft areas are sometimes a substantial fraction of mesoscale model grid-element areas, grid-point temperatures (adjusted for convection) are an area-weighted mean of updraft, downdraft and environmental temperatures.},
	number = {8},
	pages = {1722--1733},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {Numerical Prediction of Convectively Driven Mesoscale Pressure Systems. {P}art {I}: Convective Parameterization},
	ty = {JOUR},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<1722:NPOCDM>2.0.CO;2},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1980},
	year1 = {1980},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037%3C1722:NPOCDM%3E2.0.CO;2}}

@article{bechtold_et_al_2008,
	abstract = {Advances in simulating atmospheric variability with the {ECMWF} model are presented that stem from revisions of the convection and diffusion parametrizations. The revisions concern in particular the introduction of a variable convective adjustment time-scale, a convective entrainment rate proportional to the environmental relative humidity, as well as free tropospheric diffusion coefficients for heat and momentum based on Monin--Obukhov functional dependencies.The forecasting system is evaluated against analyses and observations using high-resolution medium-range deterministic and ensemble forecasts, monthly and seasonal integrations, and decadal integrations with coupled atmosphere-ocean models. The results show a significantly higher and more realistic level of model activity in terms of the amplitude of tropical and extratropical mesoscale, synoptic and planetary perturbations. Importantly, with the higher variability and reduced bias not only the probabilistic scores are improved, but also the midlatitude deterministic scores in the short and medium ranges. Furthermore, for the first time the model is able to represent a realistic spectrum of convectively coupled equatorial Kelvin and Rossby waves, and maintains a realistic amplitude of the Madden--Julian oscillation (MJO) during monthly forecasts. However, the propagation speed of the MJO is slower than observed. The higher tropical tropospheric wave activity also results in better stratospheric temperatures and winds through the deposition of momentum.The partitioning between convective and resolved precipitation is unaffected by the model changes with roughly 62% of the total global precipitation being of the convective type. Finally, the changes in convection and diffusion parametrizations resulted in a larger spread of the ensemble forecasts, which allowed the amplitude of the initial perturbations in the ensemble prediction system to decrease by 30%. Copyright {\copyright} 2008 Royal Meteorological Society},
	author = {Bechtold, P. and K{\"o}hler, M. and Jung, T. and Doblas-Reyes, F. and Leutbecher, M. and Rodwell, M. J. and Vitart, F. and Balsamo, G.},
	date-added = {2016-06-14 23:11:58 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-06-14 23:11:58 +0000},
	doi = {10.1002/qj.289},
	issn = {1477-870X},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
	keywords = {atmospheric variability, model climate, tropical waves, convection, vertical diffusion, numerical weather prediction},
	number = {634},
	pages = {1337--1351},
	publisher = {John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},
	title = {Advances in simulating atmospheric variability with the {ECMWF} model: From synoptic to decadal time-scales},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.289},
	volume = {134},
	year = {2008},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.289}}

@article{han_and_pan_2011,
	annote = {doi: 10.1175/WAF-D-10-05038.1},
	author = {Han, J. and Pan, H.-L.},
	booktitle = {Weather and Forecasting},
	da = {2011/08/01},
	date = {2011/08/01},
	date-added = {2016-06-14 23:07:16 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-06-14 23:07:16 +0000},
	doi = {10.1175/WAF-D-10-05038.1},
	isbn = {0882-8156},
	journal = {Weather and Forecasting},
	journal1 = {Wea. Forecasting},
	m3 = {doi: 10.1175/WAF-D-10-05038.1},
	month = {2016/03/25},
	number = {4},
	pages = {520--533},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {Revision of Convection and Vertical Diffusion Schemes in the {NCEP} {G}lobal {F}orecast {S}ystem},
	ty = {JOUR},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-10-05038.1},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2011},
	year1 = {2011},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-10-05038.1}}

@article{pan_and_wu_1995,
	author = {Pan, H.-L. and W.-S. Wu},
	date-added = {2016-06-14 23:06:41 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-06-14 23:06:41 +0000},
	journal = {NMC Office Note, No. 409},
	pages = {40pp},
	title = {Implementing a Mass Flux Convection Parameterization Package for the {NMC} Medium-Range Forecast Model},
	year = {1995},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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}}

@article{grell_1993,
	annote = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<0764:PEOAUB>2.0.CO;2},
	author = {Grell, G. A.},
	booktitle = {Monthly Weather Review},
	da = {1993/03/01},
	date = {1993/03/01},
	date-added = {2016-06-14 23:06:02 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-06-14 23:06:02 +0000},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<0764:PEOAUB>2.0.CO;2},
	isbn = {0027-0644},
	journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
	journal1 = {Mon. Wea. Rev.},
	m3 = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<0764:PEOAUB>2.0.CO;2},
	month = {2016/03/25},
	number = {3},
	pages = {764--787},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {Prognostic Evaluation of Assumptions Used by Cumulus Parameterizations},
	ty = {JOUR},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<0764:PEOAUB>2.0.CO;2},
	volume = {121},
	year = {1993},
	year1 = {1993},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121%3C0764:PEOAUB%3E2.0.CO;2}}

@article{arakawa_and_schubert_1974,
	author = {Arakawa, A. and Schubert, W. H.},
	date-added = {2016-06-14 23:04:30 +0000},
	date-modified = {2018-07-18 19:00:17 +0000},
	isi = {A1974S778800004},
	isi-recid = {24736409},
	isi-ref-recids = {24736410 23263039 23263040 24736411 15230512 21078942 22066681 13999272 6131549 20808007 23263032 22546570 1962258 24736412 24736413 9042903 16367418 21296696 23263044 21323290 23263019 4978012 10294413 15490227 23900510 23900511 23263046 8901065 2093366 6656763 11547033 18049905 22066680 16333678 24736414 7439245 23900506 20768916 13675076 14800951 23065740 15230507 18858907 24736415 5605133 6656847 24736416 19667767 16976778 19116793 10788368 19758747 21930663 23263053 23263035 8901222 23263054 9041925 23263055},
	iso-source-abbreviation = {J Atmos Sci},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	pages = {674--701},
	times-cited = {1300},
	title = {Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, {P}art {I}},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1974},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://ws.isiknowledge.com/cps/openurl/service?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:ut/A1974S778800004}}

@article{harshvardhan_et_al_1989,
	author = {Harshvardhan and D. A. Randall and T. G. Corsetti and D. A. Dazlich},
	date-added = {2016-06-08 21:28:55 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-06-08 21:32:23 +0000},
	journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.},
	number = {13},
	pages = {1922-1942},
	title = {Earth radiation budget and cloudiness simulations with a general circulation model},
	volume = {46},
	year = {1989}}

@article{yang_et_al_2008,
	author = {F. Yang and K. Mitchell and Y. Hou and Y. Dai and X. Zeng and Z. Wang and X. Liang},
	date-added = {2016-06-08 16:52:08 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-06-08 16:55:40 +0000},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology},
	number = {11},
	pages = {2963-2982},
	title = {Dependence of land surface albedo on solar zenith angle: Observations and model parameterizations},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2008}}

@article{mccormack_et_al_2006,
	author = {J. P. McCormack and S. D. Eckermann and D. E. Siskind and T. J. McGee},
	date-added = {2016-06-06 17:33:25 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-06-06 17:37:45 +0000},
	journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
	pages = {4943-4972},
	title = {{CHEM2D-OPP}: A new linearized gas-phase ozone photochemistry parameterization for high-altitude {NWP} and climate models},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2006}}

@article{kim_1996,
	author = {Y.-J. Kim},
	date-added = {2016-06-01 20:18:51 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-06-01 20:21:44 +0000},
	journal = {J. Climate},
	pages = {2698-2717},
	title = {Representation of subgrid-scale orographic effects in a general circulation model. {P}art {I}: Impact on the dynamics of simulated January climate},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1996}}

@article{palmer_et_al_1986,
	author = {T. N. Palmer and G. J. Shutts and R. Swinbank},
	date-added = {2016-05-31 22:08:22 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-31 22:11:18 +0000},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
	pages = {1001-1039},
	title = {Alleviation of a systematic westerly bias in circulation and numerical weather prediction model through an orographic gravity wave drag parameterization},
	volume = {112},
	year = {1986}}

@article{fritts_1984,
	author = {D. C. Fritts},
	date-added = {2016-05-31 22:05:39 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-31 22:07:46 +0000},
	journal = {Rev. Geophys. Space Phys.},
	pages = {275-308},
	title = {Gravity wave saturation in the middle atmosphere: A review of theory and observations},
	volume = {22},
	year = {1984}}

@techreport{baines_and_palmer_1990,
	author = {P. G. Baines and T. N. Palmer},
	date-added = {2016-05-25 19:56:51 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-25 21:40:15 +0000},
	institution = {European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts},
	number = {169},
	title = {Rationale for a new physically based parametrization of sub-grid scale orographic effects},
	type = {Technical Memorandum},
	year = {1990}}

@techreport{hong_1999,
	author = {S-Y. Hong},
	date-added = {2016-05-25 17:36:09 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-25 17:38:50 +0000},
	institution = {National Centers for Environmental Predicition},
	number = {424},
	title = {New global orograhy data sets},
	type = {Office note},
	year = {1999}}

@article{lott_and_miller_1997,
	author = {F. Lott and M. J. Miller},
	date-added = {2016-05-24 21:29:18 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-24 21:31:09 +0000},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
	pages = {101-127},
	title = {A new subgrid-scale orographic drag parametrization: Its formulation and testing},
	volume = {123},
	year = {1997}}

@article{lindzen_1981,
	author = {R. S. Lindzen},
	date-added = {2016-05-24 17:23:58 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-24 17:26:01 +0000},
	journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
	pages = {9707-9714},
	title = {Turbulence and stress due to gravity wave and tidal breakdown},
	volume = {86},
	year = {1981}}

@conference{pierrehumbert_1986,
	author = {R. T. Pierrehumbert},
	booktitle = {Seminar/Workshop on Observation, Theory and Modelling of Orographic effect. Seminar: 15-19 September 1986, Workshop: 19-20 September 1986},
	date-added = {2016-05-24 17:20:08 +0000},
	date-modified = {2018-08-31 14:14:25 -0600},
	institution = {European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK},
	organization = {ECMWF},
	pages = {251-282},
	publisher = {ECMWF},
	title = {An essay on the parameterization of orographic wave drag. Observation, Theory, and Modelling of Orographic Effects},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1986}}

@inbook{sundqvist_1988,
	author = {H. Sundqvist},
	chapter = {Parameterization of condensation and associated clouds in models for weather prediction and general circulation simulation},
	date-added = {2016-05-24 04:23:10 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-24 23:03:22 +0000},
	pages = {433-461},
	publisher = {M. E. Schlesinger, Ed., Reidel},
	title = {Physically-based modeling and simulation of climate and climatic changes, {P}art {I}},
	year = {1988}}

@misc{Rogers_1979,
	author = {R. R. Rogers},
	date-added = {2016-05-24 04:20:01 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-24 04:22:28 +0000},
	edition = {2},
	publisher = {Pergamon Press},
	title = {A short course in cloud physics},
	year = {1979}}

@article{lin_et_al_1983,
	author = {Y.-L. Lin and R. D. Farley and H. D. Orville},
	date-added = {2016-05-24 04:16:35 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-24 04:19:19 +0000},
	journal = {J. Climate Appl. Meteor.},
	pages = {1065-1092},
	title = {Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model},
	volume = {22},
	year = {1983}}

@booklet{kessler_1969,
	author = {E. Kessler},
	date-added = {2016-05-24 04:11:05 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-24 04:16:10 +0000},
	howpublished = {Amer. Meteor. Soc.},
	journal = {Meteor. Monogr.},
	number = {32},
	pages = {84pp},
	title = {On the distribution and continuity of water substance in atmospheric circulations},
	year = {1969}}

@article{rutledge_and_hobbs_1983,
	author = {S. A. Rutledge and P. V. Hobbs},
	date-added = {2016-05-24 04:07:48 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-24 04:10:43 +0000},
	journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.},
	pages = {1185-1206},
	title = {The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in mid-latitude cyclones. {VIII}: A model for the 'seeder-feeder' process in warm-frontal rainbands},
	volume = {40},
	year = {1983}}

@article{zhao_and_carr_1997,
	author = {Q. Zhao and F. H. Carr},
	date-added = {2016-05-24 03:57:40 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-24 04:02:27 +0000},
	journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
	pages = {1931-1953},
	title = {A prognostic cloud scheme for operational {NWP} models},
	volume = {125},
	year = {1997}}

@article{sundqvist_et_al_1989,
	author = {H. Sundqvist and E. Berge and J.E. Kristjansson},
	date-added = {2016-05-24 03:56:22 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-24 18:05:06 +0000},
	journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
	pages = {1641-1657},
	title = {Condensation and cloud studies with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model},
	volume = {117},
	year = {1989}}

@article{chun_et_al_2001,
	author = {H.-Y. Chun and M.-D. Song and J.-W. Kim and J.-J. Baik},
	date-added = {2016-05-20 22:19:31 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-20 22:21:45 +0000},
	journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.},
	keywords = {convective gwd},
	pages = {302-319},
	title = {Effects of gravity wave drag induced by cumulus convection on the atmospheric general circulation},
	volume = {58},
	year = {2001}}

@article{chun_et_al_2004,
	author = {H.-Y. Chun and I.-S. Song and J.-J. Baik and Y.-J. Kim},
	date-added = {2016-05-20 22:16:39 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-20 22:19:24 +0000},
	journal = {J. Climate},
	keywords = {convective gwd},
	pages = {3530-3547},
	title = {Impact of a convectively forced gravity wave drag parameterization in {NCAR CCM3}},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2004}}

@article{chun_and_baik_1998,
	author = {H.-Y. Chun and J.-J. Baik},
	date-added = {2016-05-20 22:11:32 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-20 22:15:06 +0000},
	journal = {J. Atmos. Sci.},
	keywords = {convective gwd},
	pages = {3299-3310},
	title = {Momentum flux by thermally induced internal gravity waves and its approximation for large-scale models},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1998}}

@article{akmaev_1991,
	author = {R. A. Akmaev},
	date-added = {2016-05-20 20:41:25 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-20 20:44:22 +0000},
	journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
	pages = {2499-2504},
	title = {A direct algorithm for convective adjustment of the vertical temperature profile for an arbitrary critical lapse rate},
	volume = {119},
	year = {1991}}

@article{siebesma_et_al_2007,
	abstract = {A better conceptual understanding and more realistic parameterizations of convective boundary layers in climate and weather prediction models have been major challenges in meteorological research. In particular, parameterizations of the dry convective boundary layer, in spite of the absence of water phase-changes and its consequent simplicity as compared to moist convection, typically suffer from problems in attempting to represent realistically the boundary layer growth and what is often referred to as countergradient fluxes. The eddy-diffusivity (ED) approach has been relatively successful in representing some characteristics of neutral boundary layers and surface layers in general. The mass-flux (MF) approach, on the other hand, has been used for the parameterization of shallow and deep moist convection. In this paper, a new approach that relies on a combination of the ED and MF parameterizations (EDMF) is proposed for the dry convective boundary layer. It is shown that the EDMF approach follows naturally from a decomposition of the turbulent fluxes into 1) a part that includes strong organized updrafts, and 2) a remaining turbulent field. At the basis of the EDMF approach is the concept that nonlocal subgrid transport due to the strong updrafts is taken into account by the MF approach, while the remaining transport is taken into account by an ED closure. Large-eddy simulation (LES) results of the dry convective boundary layer are used to support the theoretical framework of this new approach and to determine the parameters of the EDMF model. The performance of the new formulation is evaluated against LES results, and it is shown that the EDMF closure is able to reproduce the main properties of dry convective boundary layers in a realistic manner. Furthermore, it will be shown that this approach has strong advantages over the more traditional countergradient approach, especially in the entrainment layer. As a result, this EDMF approach opens the way to parameterize the clear and cumulus-topped boundary layer in a simple and unified way.},
	author = {Siebesma, A. P. and Soares, P. M. M. and Teixeira, J.},
	date-added = {2016-05-20 17:17:49 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-20 17:17:49 +0000},
	doi = {DOI 10.1175/JAS3888.1},
	isi = {000245742600011},
	isi-recid = {155740544},
	isi-ref-recids = {115014593 127680992 155740545 133137768 72045051 119371807 118686109 113234126 94069283 76955063 85219981 132018694 107966278 155740546 131396353 120868636 120868639 29141512 142871054 41570940 124456950 137282089 93259654 23900506 108293652 81292629 77285327 132368713 90793545 129381436 97209359 16976778 142871103 120666841 114648984 68302965 107133693 119331008 137282122 142871106 65959905 60433145 105313074 155740547 71456809 80400802 23263035},
	iso-source-abbreviation = {J Atmos Sci},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	pages = {1230--1248},
	times-cited = {32},
	title = {A combined eddy-diffusivity mass-flux approach for the convective boundary layer},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2007},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://ws.isiknowledge.com/cps/openurl/service?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:ut/000245742600011}}

@article{soares_et_al_2004,
	abstract = {Recently, a new consistent way of parametrizing simultaneously local and non-local turbulent transport for the convective atmospheric boundary layer has been proposed and tested for the clear boundary layer. This approach assumes that in the convective boundary layer the subgrid-scale fluxes result from two different mixing scales: small eddies, that are parametrized by an eddy-diffusivity approach, and thermals, which are represented by a mass-flux contribution. Since the interaction between the cloud layer and the underlying sub-cloud layer predominantly takes place through strong updraughts, this approach offers an interesting avenue of establishing a unified description of the turbulent transport in the cumulus-topped boundary layer. This paper explores the possibility of such a new approach for the cumulus-topped boundary layer. In the sub-cloud and cloud layers, the mass-flux term represents the effect of strong updraughts. These are modelled by a simple entraining parcel, which determines the mean properties of the strong updraughts, the boundary-layer height, the lifting condensation level and cloud top. The residual smaller-scale turbulent transport is parametrized with an eddy-diffusivity approach that uses a turbulent kinetic energy closure. The new scheme is implemented and tested in the research model MesoNH. Copyright {\copyright} 2004 Royal Meteorological Society},
	author = {Soares, P. M. M. and Miranda, P. M. A. and Siebesma, A. P. and Teixeira, J.},
	date-added = {2016-05-20 17:17:49 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-20 17:17:49 +0000},
	doi = {10.1256/qj.03.223},
	issn = {1477-870X},
	journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
	keywords = {Boundary layer, Clouds, Turbulence},
	number = {604},
	pages = {3365--3383},
	publisher = {John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},
	title = {An eddy-diffusivity/mass-flux parametrization for dry and shallow cumulus convection},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.223},
	volume = {130},
	year = {2004},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.223}}

@article{troen_and_mahrt_1986,
	author = {Troen, I. B. and Mahrt, L.},
	date-added = {2016-05-20 17:17:49 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-20 17:17:49 +0000},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00122760},
	issn = {0006-8314},
	journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
	language = {English},
	number = {1-2},
	pages = {129-148},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	title = {A simple model of the atmospheric boundary layer; sensitivity to surface evaporation},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122760},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1986},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122760}}

@article{macvean_and_mason_1990,
	abstract = {Abstract In a recent paper, Kuo and Schubert demonstrated the lack of observational support for the relevance of the criterion for cloud-top entrainment instability proposed by Randall and by Deardorff. Here we derive a new criterion, based on a model of the instability as resulting from the energy released close to cloud top, by Mixing between saturated boundary-layer air and unsaturated air from above the capping inversion. The condition is derived by considering the net conversion from potential to kinetic energy in a system consisting of two layers of fluid straddling cloud-top, when a small amount of mixing occurs between these layers. This contrasts with previous analyses, which only considered the change in buoyancy of the cloud layer when unsaturated air is mixed into it. In its most general form, this new criterion depends on the ratio of the depths of the layers involved in the mixing. It is argued that, for a self-sustaining instability, there must be a net release of kinetic energy on the same depth and time scales as the entrainment process itself. There are two plausible ways in which this requirement may be satisfied. Either one takes the depths of the layers involved in the mixing to each be comparable to the vertical scale of the entrainment process, which is typically of order tens of meters or less, or alternatively, one must allow for the efficiency with which energy released by mixing through a much deeper lower layer becomes available to initiate further entrainment. In both cases the same criterion for instability results. This criterion is much more restrictive than that proposed by Randall and by Deardorff; furthermore, the observational data is then consistent with the predictions of the current theory. Further analysis provides estimates of the turbulent fluxes associated with cloud-top entrainment instability. This analysis effectively constitutes an energetically consistent turbulence closure for models of boundary layers with cloud. The implications for such numerical models are discussed. Comparisons are also made with other possible criteria for cloud-top entrainment instability which have recently been suggested.},
	annote = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<1012:CTEITS>2.0.CO;2},
	author = {MacVean, M. K. and Mason, P. J.},
	booktitle = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	da = {1990/04/01},
	date-added = {2016-05-20 17:16:05 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-20 17:16:05 +0000},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<1012:CTEITS>2.0.CO;2},
	isbn = {0022-4928},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	journal1 = {J. Atmos. Sci.},
	m3 = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<1012:CTEITS>2.0.CO;2},
	n2 = {Abstract In a recent paper, Kuo and Schubert demonstrated the lack of observational support for the relevance of the criterion for cloud-top entrainment instability proposed by Randall and by Deardorff. Here we derive a new criterion, based on a model of the instability as resulting from the energy released close to cloud top, by Mixing between saturated boundary-layer air and unsaturated air from above the capping inversion. The condition is derived by considering the net conversion from potential to kinetic energy in a system consisting of two layers of fluid straddling cloud-top, when a small amount of mixing occurs between these layers. This contrasts with previous analyses, which only considered the change in buoyancy of the cloud layer when unsaturated air is mixed into it. In its most general form, this new criterion depends on the ratio of the depths of the layers involved in the mixing. It is argued that, for a self-sustaining instability, there must be a net release of kinetic energy on the same depth and time scales as the entrainment process itself. There are two plausible ways in which this requirement may be satisfied. Either one takes the depths of the layers involved in the mixing to each be comparable to the vertical scale of the entrainment process, which is typically of order tens of meters or less, or alternatively, one must allow for the efficiency with which energy released by mixing through a much deeper lower layer becomes available to initiate further entrainment. In both cases the same criterion for instability results. This criterion is much more restrictive than that proposed by Randall and by Deardorff; furthermore, the observational data is then consistent with the predictions of the current theory. Further analysis provides estimates of the turbulent fluxes associated with cloud-top entrainment instability. This analysis effectively constitutes an energetically consistent turbulence closure for models of boundary layers with cloud. The implications for such numerical models are discussed. Comparisons are also made with other possible criteria for cloud-top entrainment instability which have recently been suggested.},
	number = {8},
	pages = {1012--1030},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {Cloud-Top Entrainment Instability through Small-Scale Mixing and Its Parameterization in Numerical Models},
	ty = {JOUR},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<1012:CTEITS>2.0.CO;2},
	volume = {47},
	year = {1990},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047%3C1012:CTEITS%3E2.0.CO;2}}

@article{louis_1979,
	author = {Louis, J. F.},
	date-added = {2016-05-20 17:15:52 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-20 17:15:52 +0000},
	isi = {A1979HT69700004},
	isi-recid = {38589235},
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	iso-source-abbreviation = {Bound-Lay Meteorol},
	journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
	pages = {187--202},
	times-cited = {1308},
	title = {A PARAMETRIC MODEL OF VERTICAL EDDY FLUXES IN THE ATMOSPHERE},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1979},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {http://ws.isiknowledge.com/cps/openurl/service?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:ut/A1979HT69700004}}

@article{lock_et_al_2000,
	abstract = {A new boundary layer turbulent mixing scheme has been developed for use in the UKMO weather forecasting and climate prediction models. This includes a representation of nonlocal mixing (driven by both surface fluxes and cloud-top processes) in unstable layers, either coupled to or decoupled from the surface, and an explicit entrainment parameterization. The scheme is formulated in moist conserved variables so that it can treat both dry and cloudy layers. Details of the scheme and examples of its performance in single-column model tests are presented.},
	author = {Lock, A. P. and Brown, A. R. and Bush, M. R. and Martin, G. M. and Smith, R.N.B.},
	date-added = {2016-05-20 17:15:36 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-20 17:15:36 +0000},
	isi = {000089461100008},
	isi-recid = {116839422},
	isi-ref-recids = {66113175 96966405 98903448 97216236 59908706 113485125 109411221 98903447 103672714 101890728 47069286 95806864 73121798 76563289 85219981 116839423 108520240 38589235 30293075 116839425 92736669 109796435 83200873 90793545 72956034 72311841 44393377 60433145 63750105 105313074 98909959 27148086},
	iso-source-abbreviation = {Mon Weather Rev},
	journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
	pages = {3187--3199},
	times-cited = {195},
	title = {A new boundary layer mixing scheme. {P}art {I}: Scheme description and single-column model tests},
	volume = {128},
	year = {2000},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {http://ws.isiknowledge.com/cps/openurl/service?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:ut/000089461100008}}

@article{hong_and_pan_1996,
	abstract = {Abstract In this paper, the incorporation of a simple atmospheric boundary layer diffusion scheme into the NCEP Medium-Range Forecast Model is described. A boundary layer diffusion package based on the Troen and Mahrt nonlocal diffusion concept has been tested for possible operational implementation. The results from this approach are compared with those from the local diffusion approach, which is the current operational scheme, and verified against FIFE observations during 9?10 August 1987. The comparisons between local and nonlocal approaches are extended to the forecast for a heavy rain case of 15?17 May 1995. The sensitivity of both the boundary layer development and the precipitation forecast to the tuning parameters in the nonlocal diffusion scheme is also investigated. Special attention is given to the interaction of boundary layer processes with precipitation physics. Some results of parallel runs during August 1995 are also presented.},
	annote = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<2322:NBLVDI>2.0.CO;2},
	author = {Hong, S.-Y. and Pan, H.-L.},
	booktitle = {Monthly Weather Review},
	da = {1996/10/01},
	date = {1996/10/01},
	date-added = {2016-05-20 17:14:38 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-20 17:14:38 +0000},
	doi = {10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<2322:NBLVDI>2.0.CO;2},
	isbn = {0027-0644},
	journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
	journal1 = {Mon. Wea. Rev.},
	m3 = {doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<2322:NBLVDI>2.0.CO;2},
	n2 = {Abstract In this paper, the incorporation of a simple atmospheric boundary layer diffusion scheme into the NCEP Medium-Range Forecast Model is described. A boundary layer diffusion package based on the Troen and Mahrt nonlocal diffusion concept has been tested for possible operational implementation. The results from this approach are compared with those from the local diffusion approach, which is the current operational scheme, and verified against FIFE observations during 9?10 August 1987. The comparisons between local and nonlocal approaches are extended to the forecast for a heavy rain case of 15?17 May 1995. The sensitivity of both the boundary layer development and the precipitation forecast to the tuning parameters in the nonlocal diffusion scheme is also investigated. Special attention is given to the interaction of boundary layer processes with precipitation physics. Some results of parallel runs during August 1995 are also presented.},
	number = {10},
	pages = {2322--2339},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {Nonlocal Boundary Layer Vertical Diffusion in a Medium-Range Forecast Model},
	ty = {JOUR},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<2322:NBLVDI>2.0.CO;2},
	volume = {124},
	year = {1996},
	year1 = {1996},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124%3C2322:NBLVDI%3E2.0.CO;2}}

@article{han_and_pan_2006,
	abstract = {Abstract A parameterization of the convection-induced pressure gradient force (PGF) in convective momentum transport (CMT) is tested for hurricane intensity forecasting using NCEP's operational Global Forecast System (GFS) and its nested Regional Spectral Model (RSM). In the parameterization the PGF is assumed to be proportional to the product of the cloud mass flux and vertical wind shear. Compared to control forecasts using the present operational GFS and RSM where the PGF effect in CMT is taken into account empirically, the new PGF parameterization helps increase hurricane intensity by reducing the vertical momentum exchange, giving rise to a closer comparison to the observations. In addition, the new PGF parameterization forecasts not only show more realistically organized precipitation patterns with enhanced hurricane intensity but also reduce the forecast track error. Nevertheless, the model forecasts with the new PGF parameterization still largely underpredict the observed intensity. One of the many possible reasons for the large underprediction may be the absence of hurricane initialization in the models.},
	annote = {doi: 10.1175/MWR3090.1},
	author = {Han, J. and Pan, H.-L.},
	booktitle = {Monthly Weather Review},
	da = {2006/02/01},
	date-added = {2016-05-20 17:11:17 +0000},
	date-modified = {2016-05-20 17:11:17 +0000},
	doi = {10.1175/MWR3090.1},
	isbn = {0027-0644},
	journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
	journal1 = {Mon. Wea. Rev.},
	m3 = {doi: 10.1175/MWR3090.1},
	n2 = {Abstract A parameterization of the convection-induced pressure gradient force (PGF) in convective momentum transport (CMT) is tested for hurricane intensity forecasting using NCEP's operational Global Forecast System (GFS) and its nested Regional Spectral Model (RSM). In the parameterization the PGF is assumed to be proportional to the product of the cloud mass flux and vertical wind shear. Compared to control forecasts using the present operational GFS and RSM where the PGF effect in CMT is taken into account empirically, the new PGF parameterization helps increase hurricane intensity by reducing the vertical momentum exchange, giving rise to a closer comparison to the observations. In addition, the new PGF parameterization forecasts not only show more realistically organized precipitation patterns with enhanced hurricane intensity but also reduce the forecast track error. Nevertheless, the model forecasts with the new PGF parameterization still largely underpredict the observed intensity. One of the many possible reasons for the large underprediction may be the absence of hurricane initialization in the models.},
	number = {2},
	pages = {664--674},
	publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
	title = {Sensitivity of Hurricane Intensity Forecast to Convective Momentum Transport Parameterization},
	ty = {JOUR},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/MWR3090.1},
	volume = {134},
	year = {2006},
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	bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/MWR3090.1}}

@article{businger_et_al_1971,
	author = {Businger, J. A. and Wyngaard, J. C. and Izumi, Y. and Bradley, E. F.},
	date-added = {2016-05-20 17:10:50 +0000},
	date-modified = {2018-07-18 18:58:08 +0000},
	isi = {A1971I822800004},
	isi-recid = {19632344},
	isi-ref-recids = {16272216 16824421 15490261 18767713 13407665 19632345 10481101 14142571 12686164 19632346 18858658 6152690 19632347 13839218 13839220 16272206 8976449 16824425 5541689 5062496 12462060 8185394 19632348 773111 19632349 19632350 19632351 8997317 15704607 15542957 18734229},
	iso-source-abbreviation = {J Atmos Sci},
	journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
	pages = {181-189},
	times-cited = {1862},
	title = {Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer},
	volume = {28},
	year = {1971},
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